do / does → am / is / are done
常搭配的时间状语：always, often, usually, sometimes, at times, on Saturdays, every day, once a month, frequently, every+基数词+可数名词复数(每隔…) …
翻译：1.就像老话说的那样，失败是成功之母。
As the saying goes, failure is the mother of success.
2.我们每两周回家一次。
We go home every other week.
3.他每天早上5：30起床，晚上10：00上床睡觉。
He gets up at 5：30 every morning and go to bed at 10：00 every night.
4.作业每天都做。（用被动语态）
Homework is done everyday.
5.我们家附近有一家医院，这对我们很必要。
There is a hospital nearby which is necessary for us.
6.我的航班于上午10点钟起飞。
My flight takes off at 10:00 AM.
7.如果你尽力的话你会成功的。
You’ll succeed if you try your best.
8.他一来我就告诉他这件事。
I’ll tell him about it as soon as he comes.
补充：want, hope, plan, expect, intend, mean, suppose, think本身一般现在时后接不定式表示将来的含义
9.我打算上一所重点大学。
I expect to go to a key university.
做题法宝：一看主语定单复数、定语态，二看状语或其他句子中的动词定时态
一．一般过去式
did → was/were done
常搭配的时间状语：yesterday, last week/month, ago, in the past, in 1980, in the 1980s, the day before yesterday, the other day(不久前的一天), at that time, later that day, once upon a time,…
翻译：1.我小学上了五年。
I studied at the primary school for five years.
2.我半年前加入了这个俱乐部。
I joined the club half a year ago.
3.自从他加入到这个俱乐部已经半年了。
It has been half a year since I joined the club.
4..他在拐角处停下把空瓶子扔进了垃圾箱。
He stopped at the corner and dropped the empty bottle into the dustbin.
5.从1952年到1959年他在部队当了7年兵。
He served in the army from 1952 to 1959 for seven years.
6.中国不再是它过去的样子了。
China is no longer what it used to be.
7.过去，他写了五部小说。
Five novels were written by him in the past.
8.是时候努力学习了。
It’s high time that you worked hard.
9.如果我是你的话，我会更努力学习Englishtec。
If I were you, I would work harder.
三、现在完成时(动作始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去)
has / have done →has / have been done
常搭配的时间状语：lately, recently, in/over/during the past/last few days, these days, so far, by now, up to now, till now,…
1.这是到这个学校以来，我出席的最重要的讲座。
It is the most important lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
2.到目前为止，Tom已经学了2000个英语单词了。
So far, Tom has learned 2000 English words.
3.她教英语有20年了。
She has taught English for 20 years.
4.你去过伦敦吗？
Have you ever been to London?
5. So far, progress _____has been______ (be) very good and we are sure that the work________will be finished________
(finish) on time.
6.—I ____haven’t found________(find) the book till now.
---Don’t worry. You may have left it at home.
7.His first novel _____has received________(receive) good reviews since it___came out_____(出版、发行) last month.
8.In the past few years thousands of films ___have been produced_________(produce) all over the world.
四、过去完成时
had done → had been done
常搭配的时间状语: by then, until then,by that time, before 2000, by the end of last month, by the time he was ten,…
过去完成时的用法：
1.过去的过去；到过去某个时间为止的动作
2.hardly/scarely(过完)… when(一般过去)
no sooner(过完)… than(一般过去) 表示“刚…就…”
3.It/This/That was + the 序数词 time + that (过完) “那是第几次做…”
4.hope, expect, think, intend, want, suppose等用于过去完成时时表示未实现的希望、打算或意图，意为“原本…”
1.他说他在国外呆了3年了。
He said he had been abroad for 3 years.
2.在我回家之前他已经离开了。
He had left before I got home.
3.到上个学期末，我已经学了3000歌单词。
By the end of last term, I had learnt 3000 words.
4.比赛刚刚开始就开始下雨了。
Hardly had the game began when it started to rain.
5.那是他第三次犯同一个错误了。
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake.
6.我本想帮你的，但当时太忙了。
I had intended to help you, but I was too busy.
五、现在进行时
am/is/are doing →am/is/are being done
现在进行时的用法：
1.说话时或者现阶段正在进行的动作；
2.某些短暂性动词如come/go/start/ open /close/arrive/return/begin/leave用于进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作；
3.与always / continually/ constantly/forever/all the time 连用表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，含有厌恶、赞赏、遗憾等情绪
1.我们的朋友现在正在外边等我们呢。
Our friends are waiting for us outside.
2.她现在正在大学学英语。
She is studying English in college.
3.我爸妈这周六要来看我。
My parents are coming to see my this Statuary.
4.他总是先想到其他人。
He is always thinking of others first.
5.教学楼正在被建。
The building is being built now.
六、过去进行时
was/were doing → was/were being done
常用时间状语：at this/that time + 过去时间；at…o’clock + 过去时间；from…to…+过去时间； those days; just now; last night
1.昨天晚上9点钟你在干什么呢？
What were you doing at nine last night?
2.那个男孩子正在写作业的时候突然他爸爸进来了。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came in.
七、一般将来时will do → will be done
1.老师一来，我们就开始上课。
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
2.——Sorry, I forgot to buy the book you need.
——It doesn’t matter. I __will____ go myself.
3.Look at the clouds. It __is going to___________ rain.
4. They are to be married in this May. (按计划安排要发生的动作,非个人能随意改变)
5. 你妈回来之前你不要出去。（要求或命令他人做某事）
You are to stay home until your mother comes back.
6. He is to succeed. (注定)
7. The Queen ____is to_______visitJapanin a week’s time.
8. The train ___is about to leave_______ (leave).火车马上就要离开。
八、过去将来时would do → would be done
表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态，有过去时间或动作作参照。Was/were about to do ….when…该句型很少与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和when引导的状语连用。
1.他说他会在车站等我们。
He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.
2.我正准备出门的时候我的一位老朋友来了。
I was to about to go out when one of my old friends came.
九、将来进行时will be + doing→ will be being done
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
明天这会我正在写作业。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.
十、将来完成时will have +done → will have been done
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
到下个月底，他就已经学了3000个单词了。
By the end of next month, he will have learnt 3000 words.
一、 ＂There be＂结构
考生病句：
1. There are many people like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people.
正确表达：
1. There are many people who like to go to the movies.
2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market.
这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式，怎样写好英语句子（二）。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。
例如：
1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...)
注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。
2. There is not a moment to be lost.
3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year.
4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents.
5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history.
从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。
二、 比较结构
考生病句：
1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities.
正确表达：
1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster.
2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities.
评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。
在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将"天气"与"城市"进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为"其他城市的天气"才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。
比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。
下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。
1． 同级比较
1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years.
2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years
in the past.
2． 比较级
1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before.
2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water.
3． 最高级
1） This is the most interesting book I've ever read.
2） Of all his novels I like this one best.
4． the more…the more…结构
1) The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
2) The more a man knows, the more he discovers his ignorance.
5． 选择比较
1) I prefer staying at home to going out.
2) They prefer to work rather than (to) sit idly.
3) He prefers to work alone.
注意：这里的1）句用的是Prefer A to B结构，to为介词，后接名词或动名词；2）句是以不定式作 prefer的宾语；3）句用法同2），只是不把rather than部分表达出来，其它英语写作《怎样写好英语句子（二）》。
6． 对比
1) Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.
2) He is tired out, whereas she is full of vigour.
注意：while 和whereas均可用于连接两个意义对立的分句，相当于汉语的"而"字。许多考生能较好地运用这一句式，尤其在图表作文中。
三、 表达原因的结构
考生病句：
1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without
working hard.
正确表达：
1. The real reason for our failure is not far to seek.
2. The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money without working
评议与分析：
以上两个病句分别引自92年1月和97年12月四级考试的考生作文。从遣词造句上看，这两位考生具有一定的'写作能力，not far to seek, plenty of money以及without working hard等均运用正确、恰当。但令人遗憾的是，第一位考生不知道reason不与to搭配而应接介词for，第二位考生犯了一个中国学生常犯的错误，就是用because引起表语从句，because这个词不能引起表语从句，在本句中只能改用that才正确。
掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的，几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或可以写原因。在大学英语四、六级考试、研究生入学英语考试以及TOEFL考试中，写作的文体基本上是议论文，而议论文的基本模式是摆事实、讲道理，讲道理就是说明原因。写作测试的文体决定了表达原因结构的重要性。
英语中用来表达原因这一概念的结构有多种。我们可用as , because, since, seeing that, considering that, now that, not that...等词组引出表示原因的从句。例如：
1. Now that we have seen these great achievements with our own eyes, we feel more
proud than ever of our country.
2. Professor Liu is strict with us because he wants us to make rapid progress.
3. Since we live near the sea, we enjoy a healthy climate.
4. Pollution is still a serious problem, not that we don't have the ability to solve it, but that
some people have not realized the consequences of the problem.
我们还可以借助某些词语用简单句表达原因结构。例如：
1. The reason for this change is quite obvious.
2. Diligence is the key factor of success.
3. Idleness is the root of all evils.
4. He was ashamed to have made the mistake.(=He was ashamed that he had made the
mistake. =He was ashamed because he had made the mistake.)
除了上述的例句外，英语中还有很多或易或难的表达原因的结构。我们在进行写作训练的时候，不能满足于一知半解，要讲究书面语言的正确性和准确性。比如，because是最常用的引导原因从句的连词，语气最强，表示直接的原因，若because置于句首，后面的主句不能再用so。用as引导的原因从句语气较弱，所说明的原因是附带的，而since表示的原因暗示着是稍加分析之后才能推断出来的原因。
四、 否定结构
考生病句
1. Some people think we needn't to worry about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, too.
正确表达：
1. Some people think we needn't worry (或don't need to worry) about fresh water.
2. Nowadays many people don't like to go to the movies, either.
评议与分析：
例句1选自96年1月四级考生作文，例句2选自92年1月六级考生作文。例句1 的错误在于该考生混淆了need作为情态动词和作为普通动词的用法。need作为情态动词时，主要用于否定句，后面的动词不带to, needn't worry，作we的谓语。need作为实意动词时，可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句，don't need to worry 中的to worry作don't need的宾语。例句2的错误在于该考生混淆了too和either的区别，这两个词都表示"也"的意思，但是在英语中too, also只能用于肯定句，而either只能用于否定句。
1、动词的第三人称单数：(所谓第三人称单数，就是指既不是你也不是我的另外一个人，可以是具体的人名，他，她，或它，也可以是称呼类，如my mother, my friend等。当一个句子中的人物是第三人称单数，并且这个句子又是一般现在时态时，该句子中的动词要使用第三人称单数形式。)
have—has like—likes do—does go—goes watch—watches
eg. My English teacher has a kind heart. My music teacher sings nice song
2、词语变化：fun(形容词形式)――funny funny(名词形式)――funknow(同音词)――no he(宾格形式)---him she(宾格形式)——her
反义词：tall—short long—short young—old new—old
strong—thin kind—strict active—quiet
3、be like与do like:在本单元中，What’s …like?的句型是主句型，这里的like是“像…一样”的意思. What’s …like?是问某某长得什么样子,同学们千万别和like的另一个意思“喜欢”相混了。它的答语一般用：He/She/ It is…(后面跟描写人的外貌特征的词语)。
如：What’s your father like?你爸爸长得什么样子?。而在do like的句子中，like的意思才是“喜欢”的意思。如：What does your father like? 你爸爸喜欢什么?
Eg. What’s he like?
——He’s thin and short, he’s verykind.
What does he like?
He likes to play computer games.
4. 描述人物一般从“整体”和“部分”两个方面进行。
整体 可用的形容词有：young, old, pretty, tall, short, strong, thin, funny, strict, kind,active, smart, quiet…
整体描述的对应句型：He/She is(是)…
如：He is tall and thin.
She is pretty. She is young andactive.
部分 包含的名词有：eyes, mouth, nose, hair, ears, arm, leg, neck…
部分描述的对应句型是：He/She has(有)…
如：He has big eyes. She has a small mouth.
5. Mr——先生 Miss ——小姐(未婚) Mrs——夫人，女士(已婚)
另外请同学们注意：这三个称谓词后面只能跟人物的“姓”，而不是名字。
如：Mr Zhao.
第二单元：
1、当询问别人喜欢哪些课程时，classes应当用复数形式，因为别人喜欢的课程可能不止一门。What classes do you like? 你喜欢哪门课程?
2、表示星期几的七个单词，开头第一个字母都要大写。其简写形式为前三个字母加点。
week 星期，周。(一周包括七天)
How many days are there in aweek? There are 7.一个星期有几天?七天。
Weekend周末(包括周六和周日)
How many days are there in aweekend? There are 2.一个周末有几天? 2天。
在英语国家中，一个星期的第一天是星期天Sunday. The first day of a weekis Sunday.
3、当介词in, on ,at 后面跟表示时间的词语时,表示在某年或某月(当只有年和月的时候)，用in.如 in May在五月。In 1988，在1988年。表示在某段时间，如在上午，下午，晚上也用in.如in the morning, in the afternoon,in the evening. 表示在某日，在星期几时，用on。如on Monday, on Sunday . 表示在几点几分，在具体时间时，用at. 如at 6:30, at 9 o’clock.
4、近义词：often(经常)—usually(常常，通常)
如果两个词相比较来说，often比usually表示的频率要更高一些。
5、play with 和…在一起，with后面常用人称代词的宾格形式。
如：I can play ping-pong with you.我可以和你一起打乒乓球。
6. I like Mondays. John likesSundays. 这里的likes是like的第三人称单数形式，在一般现在时的句子中，如果主语是第三人称单数，注意动词要变成三单形式，即谓语动词要加“s”。
7、Today is Sunday. I like Sundays. 在这个句子中，前一个星期日Sunday是特指“今天是星期日”，所以用单数形式，而后一个星期日Sundays是泛指所有的星期日，所以用复数形式,翻译成中文是“每逢周日”。
8.理解、区分这两个句型，并能熟练地运用于日常的口语表达。
What do you have on Mondays? (每逢周一你们都有什么课?)
We have Chinese, English, mathand science on Mondays.
What do you do on Mondays? (每逢周一你都做什么?)
I often do homework, read booksand watch TV.
第三单元：
1、What would you like for lunch? 你午饭想吃什么?“for”:为了。
回答：I’d like some tomatoes and mutton。我想吃一些西红柿和羊肉。I’d like= I would like
2、some与any的区别：
(1)巧记：肯定句中用 some，请求邀请委婉时，some 用于疑问句;
否定疑问用 any, 肯定句中用 any，“任何一个”接单数。
(2)它俩都是“一些”的意思，后面既可接可数名词复数，又可接不可数名词，但用法有区别。
some 用于肯定句。但当表示请求、邀请、语气委婉，希望对方得到对方肯定回答时，可用于疑问句，此时句中常出现情态动词 can, may, could, would. any 用于否定句和疑问句。 如：
A：Could I have some meat?
B：Sorry, you can't have any meat. There isn't any meat.(=there is no meat.)
(3)如果名词前有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等限定词修饰时，则只能用 some of，表示“……中的一些。
Some of the apples arehard to reach.
Some of your teachersare not young.
(4)注意:
any 也可用在肯定句中, 此时后面接可数名词的单数, 意为“任何一个”。如：
You can ask any student in ourclass.你可以问我们班上的任何一个学生。
You can choose any subject.你可以选择任何一门学科。
3、I have eggplant and tomatoes forlunch. 我午饭吃茄子和西红柿。
这里的eggplant是指一道菜，是被切碎了的，熟的，所以这里的eggplant是不可数名词，不能用复数形式。
一日三餐的英语说法： breakfast 早饭 lunch 午饭 dinner 晚饭
西红柿 tomato 和土豆 potato 复数形式在后面加es : tomatoes, potatoes
