英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言,英语重形合,汉语重意合。有人把英语句子比喻为树木丛生、干枝纠缠的树林,脉络难析,主次难辨,而把汉语句子比喻为枝干分明的竹林,脉络清晰,主次易辨。翻译时,根据表达习惯,英语、汉语的句子结构有时需要进行相应的转换。英汉语复合句中主句和从句之间的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全一致,因此,翻译时,也时常需要根据表达习惯,对句序进行相应的调整。
现代翻译理论认为,句子是最重要的翻译单位。四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法,那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。本期着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法:正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法。
正反、反正表达法
由于民族文化和思维方式不同,英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。在表达否定概念时,英语和汉语使用的'词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的,而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达,如例1、例2、例3。反之,汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子,译成英语时需要从反面进行表达,如例4、例5、例6。此外,汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构,如双重否定、否定转移在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。
现代翻译理论认为,句子是最重要的翻译单位。大学 英语四级考试中的翻译题型也是以句子翻译为主。考生如果能够熟练掌握句子翻译的基本方法,那么对于处理四级考试中的句子翻译题必将是如虎添翼。本期着重介绍常用的句子翻译方法:正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法。 正反、反正表达法 由于民族文化和思维方式不同,英汉两种语言在表达同一概念时所采用的方式就有所不同。
在表达否定概念时,英语和汉语使用的词汇、语法、语言逻辑就有很大的差异。汉语中有些词、短语或者句子是从反面表达的,而译成英语时则需要从正面进行表达,如例1、例2、例3。反之,汉语中有些从正面表达的词、短语或者句子,译成英语时需要从反面进行表达,如例4、例5、例6。此外,汉语还有一些特殊的句子结构,如双重否定(例7)、否定转移(例8)在译成英语时也需要引起我们的注意。
一、 i.汉语从反面表达,译文从正面表达
例1:他提出的论据相当不充实。 译文:the argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词)
例2:我们确信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 译文:we are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. (短语)
例3:他七十岁了,可是并不显老。 译文:he was 70, but he carried his years lightly. (句子) ii.汉语从正面表达,译文从反面表达
例4:他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。 译文:he was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious. (词)
例5:调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。 译文:the investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease. (短语)
例6:这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。 译文:such actions couldn’t long escape notice. (句子) iii.特殊的否定句式
例7:有利必有弊。 译文:there is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定)
例8:我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。 译文:in that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were jews. (否定转移)
二、 分句、合句法 很多情况下,翻译句子的时候,需要调整原来的句子结构,分句法和合句法是调整原文句子的两种重要的方法。所谓分句法就是把原文的一个简单句译为两个或两个以上的句子。所谓合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句译成一个单句。 i.分句法 汉译英时,需要分译的句子多数是长句,或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句,就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚,也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译,则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。如以下五个例子:
例1. 少年是一去不复返的,等到精力衰竭时,要做学问也来不及了。(按内容层次分译) 译文: youth will soon be gone, never to return. and it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.
例2. 她隔窗望去,突然发现有只小船停泊在河边,船里有位船夫睡得正香。(从主语变换处分译) 译文: looking through the window, she suddenly spotted a boat moored to the bank. in it there was a boatman fast asleep.
例3. 声速随温度的升降会有轻微的增减,但不受气压的影响。(从关联词处分译) 译文: the speed of sound increases slightly with a rise in temperature and falls with decrease in temperature. it is not affected by the pressure of the air.
例4. 我们的政策是实行“一个国家,两种制度”,具体说,就是在中华人民共和国内,有着十多亿人口的大陆实行社会主义制度,香港、台湾地区实行资本主义制度。(原文出现总说或分述时要分译) 译文: we are pursuing a policy of “one country with two systems.” more specifically, this means that within the people’s republic of china, the mainland with its more than one billion people will maintain the socialist system, while hong kong and taiwan continue under the capitalist system.
例5. 我们主张对我国神圣领土台湾实行和平统一,有关的政策,也是众所周知和不会改变的,并且正在深入人心。(为了强调语气而采用分译) 译文: we want peaceful reunification with taiwan which is part of our sacred territory. our policy in this regard is also known to all and will not change. the desire for peaceful reunification of the motherland is taking hold in the hearts of the entire chinese nation.
1、The first step is as good as half over.
第一步是最关键的一步。
2、When there's no expectation, losing won't bring hurt, gaining makes you surprised.
不去期望。失去了不会伤心,得到了便是惊喜。
3、Make a note to yourself to start thinking more about what you have than what you want . If you do , your life will start appearing much better than before . For perhaps the first time in your life , you'll know what it means to feel satisfied.
记住从现在开始,多想想你拥有的,而不是你想要的。如果你这样做,你的生活就会比以前更美好,或许你生平第一次懂得了心满意足的含义。
4、Challenge is needed for success.
成功需要挑战。
5、One thing I know,that is I know nothing.
我所知道的一件事就是我一无所知。
6、Sharp tools make good work.
工欲善其事,必先利其器。
7、A person in the world must have his own business , no matter big or small . Only with recognition from the society can your life is meaningful.
人生在世总要做出一番事业,不管事业是大是小,总要让社会承认你的价值才不算枉活一世。
8、We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.
我们必须接受失望,因为它是有限的,但千万不可失去希望,因为它是无穷的。
9、May I be strenuous, energetic and persevering !May I be patient! May I be able to bear and forbear the wrongs of others! May I ever keep a promise given!
愿我努力精进,勤奋不懈;愿我有耐心能容忍并宽恕别人的过错,愿我能信守自己立下的诺言。
10、Cease to struggle and you cease to live.
生命不止,奋斗不息。
11、Do what you say,say what you do.
做你说过的,说你能做的。
12、Dare and the world always yields. If it beats you sometimes, dare it again and again and it will succumb.
你勇敢,世界就会让步。如果有时它战胜你,你要不断地勇敢再勇敢,它就会屈服。
13、Nothing for nothing.
不费力气,一无所得。
14、Sometimes your plans don't work out because God has better ones.
有时候,你的计划不奏效,是因为上天有更好的安排。
15、Getting out of bed in winter is one of life's hardest mission.
冬天,将自己从被窝里掏出来,是人生最难的任务之一了。
16、Time is a bird for ever on the wing.
时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。
17、It's never too late to mend.
过而能改,善莫大焉(亡羊补牢,犹未晚也)
18、You can't have a better tomorrow if you don't stop thinking about yesterday.
如果你无法忘掉昨天,就不会有一个更好的明天。
19、Make yourself a better person and know who you are before you try and know someone else and expect them to know you.
在你想了解别人也想让别人了解你之前,先完善并了解自己。
20、Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.
做你想做的梦吧,去你想去的地方吧,成为你想成为的人吧,因为你只有一次生命,一个机会去做所有那些你想做的事。
21、I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards.
我走得很慢,但是我从来不会后退。
22、Diligence is the mother of good plough deep while shuggards sleep,you will have corn to sell and to keep.
勤奋是幸运之母;如果懒汉睡觉的时候你深耕土地,你就会有谷物出售和储存。
23、Never allow yourself to get discouraged and think that your life is insignificant and can't make a change.
永远别让自己气馁,不要认为自己的生命微不足道且无法改变。
24、Nothing in the world will stop me from loving you.
在世界上,没有任何事物能阻挡我对你的爱。
25、Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.
胜利是不会向我们走来的,我必须自己走向胜利。
26、Having a calm smile to face with being disdained indicates kind of confidence.
被轻蔑的时候能平静的一笑,这是一种自信。
27、Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed.
不放弃就有成功的机会。
28、Life without sinuations and frustrations is life the flower in greenhouse, which can not stand the challenge from wind and rain , frost and snow ,and will srely die away in the end .
不经历挫折和坎坷的生命,犹如温室里娇艳的花,经不起风霜傲雪的洗礼就会逐步走向自己的坟墓。
29、There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.
只要全力地拼搏,就不会有遗憾,没有后悔。
30、Nothing is impossible!
没有什么不可能!
31、Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take breath away.
生命的尺度不是寿命的长短,而是一生中有多少激动人心的时刻
32、Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.
今天,给一个陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能,这是他一天中见到的唯一的阳光。
33、Every body is a star in the sky.
每个人都是天空中的一颗星。
34、Never underestimate your power to change yourself!
永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!
35、Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.
成功是,你即使跨过一个又一个失败,但也没有失去热情。
36、The man who has made up his mind to win will never say impossible .
凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。
37、People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.
人生需要一点勇气和胆量,就如登一座悬崖峭壁的山峰,虽然上面都有云梯、搭好的台阶,可你就是有点胆怯,不敢向前,但你战胜了自我,到达了顶峰,看到了山顶的景色,你就会感到勇气和胆量是成功的标准人生何尝不是如此呢?
38、Life is a candle . If burned out , there will not chance for you to start again . Let's value life.
生命像一根蜡烛,烧完了就没有机会了,从头开始。所以让我们珍惜生命吧!
39、Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.
不要着急,最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。
40、One has no reason to end his life .Living is itself happiness.
一个人没有理由的结束自己的生命,或者本身就是一种幸福。
41、I will greet this day with love in my heart.
我要用全身心的爱来迎接今天。
42、We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that's when we find out just how strong we really are.
我们都有绝望的时候,只有在勇敢面对时,我们才知道我们有多坚强。
43、Time will never change and stop for any person.
时间不给任何人情面,也不会为谁而停留。
44、Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.
坚强,就是勇敢的向困难挑战,把成功的微笑留给自己。
45、I don't long for luxurious life and gorgeous appearance , but I need a complete in habitation for sentiment.
我不渴望奢侈的生活,不追求华丽的外表,但我需要一个完整的情感栖息地。
46、An idle youth,a needy age.
少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
47、The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.
尽避失败和挫折等待着人们,一次次地夺走青春的容颜,但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严,这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。
48、If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn't lead anywhere.
太容易的路,可能根本就不能带你去任何地方。
49、All things come to those who wait.
苍天不负有心人
50、A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.
千里之行,始于足下。