篇一：句子结构详细分析
语法知识目前成了学生学习中的一个盲点—初中教材上的知识,但是初中毕业考试不考查;高中教材没有这部分内容,可是高中的语文学习中经常要使用.例如:判断病句中的搭配不当或者成分残缺,分析文言文阅读中的词类活用和文言特殊句式时,语言表达中的长短句互换等等,都需要使用语法知识.
在这里简单整理一些关于这方面的知识和练习,以便于以后整理为一个小专题.
划分句子成分
（一）知识要点
1、什么是句子
成分。
2．句子成分的名称及符号
名称：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。
符号：主语 = 谓语 － 宾语 ～
定语 （ ） 状语 [ ] 补语 < >
① 句子的基本成分是：主语、谓语、宾语。
补充成分是：定语、状语、补语。
② 主语部分和谓语部分之间可用‖划开。
3．（1主语谓语宾语
①．写人 格式：“谁” ＋ 什么”（主语） （谓语）（宾语）
例： 杨亚 ‖ 写 字
主 谓 宾例：一中的杨亚‖║在课桌上写着主 谓
②．写物（ 主 （谓语、宾语） 例： 猫 主谓
一条大鱼
例如： 他 ‖ 是主 谓 宾
定语：在句子中起着修饰、限制主语或宾语中心语的作用。
状语：修饰、限制谓语中心语，一般在谓语中心语前面，有的在句子最前面，交待时间、地点、范围、情况等。 补语：对谓语中心语起补充说明作用，一般放在谓语中心语之后。
例： 画眉 唱 歌
这是一个把主语中心语、谓语中心语、宾语中心语单提出的句子。原句是 “两只美丽的画眉高兴地唱一首歌。” ①．（两只美丽的）画眉
“两只美丽”是 “画眉”——主语中心语的修饰部分，叫“定语”。
②．[高兴]地唱
谓语中心语“唱”前边的修饰、限制成分——“高兴”为“状语”。
③．(一首)歌
宾语中心语“歌”前的修饰、限制部分——“一首”为“定语”。
④．歌唱得＜好＞
修饰、限制谓语中心语“唱”，并放在它后面的部分——“好”为“补语”。
4．划分句子的口诀：
（1）句子成分要划对， （2）纵观全局找主谓。 （3）主前定状谓后补，（4）谓前只有状地位。（5）“的”定“地”状“得”后补，（6）宾语只受谓支配。
示例及练习部分
划分句子成分练习
1、鲁班是我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑工匠。
答案:（鲁班）主语（是）谓语（我国古代春秋时期一位著名的建筑）定语主干：鲁班是工匠。
2、那个时候的社会生产力还十分落后。
答案:（那个时候的）（社会）定语（生产力）主语（还）（十分）状语（落后）谓语
主干：生产力落后。
3、鲁班接受了一项大的建筑工程任务。
答案:（鲁班）主语（接受）谓语（了）状语宾语。
主干：鲁班接受任务。
4、鲁班从中得到启发。
答案:（鲁班）主语（从中）状语（得到）谓语主干：鲁班得到启发。
5、蔡伦出生在一个贫苦的铁匠家里。
答案:(蔡伦)主语(出生)谓语()补语.
主干:蔡伦出生.
篇二：英语句子结构分析
英语句子结构分析
句子的划分
I. 根据结构划分：①简单句:S+V（主+谓）
S+link-V+P(主+谓+表)
S+V+O（主+谓+宾）
S+V+o+O（主+谓+间宾+直宾）
S+V+O+C（主+谓+宾+宾补）
②并列句 and, but, or等
③复合句：名词从句（宾，主，表，同）
副词从句（状语从句）
形容词从句（定语从句）
II. 根据功能划分： 陈述句
疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句）
祈使句
感叹句
一．五种句型
1. I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。
Chatting on the internet is interesting. 我喜欢网上聊天。
2. Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。
3. I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。
4. Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。
5. We can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。
I. 常用的连系动词： ① 变成,变得：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn
② 保持某种状态：Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay.
③ 看起来，好像：Appear, look, seem.
④ 感官动词：Feel, smell, sound, taste.
II. 跟双宾语的动词
1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.”
如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有：get,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等
2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。
如:Mother bought a new dress for me。类似的`动词还有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购）,reach等。
3、当直接宾语是代词时，间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后
如：Richard made it for him。理查德为他做的这个东西
Give it to me。把它给我
4、 有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语，如ask,teach,tell,owe,
I asked John. 我问约翰
I asked a question. 我问了一个问题
I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题
5、 suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to,
不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。
Could you explain your point of view to us?
=Could you explain to us your point of view?
III . 复合宾语结构
1,Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋to do sth
His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 2, Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋doing sth
My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.
3, Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋done
Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.
4, Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋adj(形容词)
You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。 5，Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋prep(介词短语)
My father kept me at home
6，Verb（动词）＋Object（宾语）＋n(名词)
We made him our monitor.
● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 ● 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：
1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
二,各种句子成分 1）主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象.
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends.(我们是朋友)
If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.
不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。
The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。)
They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。)
To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实).
Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。
It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式.
2）谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：
Students study. (学生学习。)
We are friends. (我们是朋友)
I have a dream.
You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.
所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)
Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语？)
The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)
He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。)
Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）
3）宾语：表示行为的对象，放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：
They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)
I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)
You don’t find opportunities…you make them.
你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。
You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on. 如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scott Hahn says…。high-quality sustainable…find为says的宾语。which引导的非限制性定语从句which uses all-organic cotton修饰的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory为Scott Hahn的同位语。
【译文】Scott Hahn与Gregory同为使用全有机棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的创始人，他声称，高质量的可持续使用面料仍然很难寻觅到。
2. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Most designers…are finding…。there aren’t…used to为省略了that的宾语从句。that引导的定语从句that can just replace…修饰fabrics。what引导的两个宾语从句what you’re doing和what your customers are used to作replace的宾语。
【译文】他说，“大多数现有品牌设计师发现，并没有匹配的面料能代替你正用着的和顾客们已经适应的面料。”
3. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引导的定语从句who attend its…York修饰entrepreneurs，whose引导的定语从句whose collections are…sustainable修饰designers。
【译文】去年，颇具影响力的Designers & Agents对参加其在洛杉矶和纽约举办的两次春季展览的年轻环保企业家们实行免费入场，同时给予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持续产品的设计师们以特别表彰。
4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organ 0 4. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic为后置定语，修饰initiative。冒号后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的内容，相当于initiative的同位语从句。helping to…sustainable作伴随状语。
【译文】本周沃尔玛特打算宣布一大重要举措，旨在帮助种植棉花的农民走有机种植之路：它将以稍高价收购过渡型的棉花，以此帮助扩大一种主要的可持续使用面料的供应量。
5. Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (缕) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Scientists have devised a way…。a technique为a way的同位语。where引导的宾语从句where…lived作determine的宾语。using…hair为现在分词作方式状语。that引导的定语从句that…victims修饰technique。
【译文】科学家已经设计出一个方法，凭借人的一缕头发便能大致确定某人曾经居住过的地点，这项技术可能能够帮助跟踪锁定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活动场所。
6. Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Todd Park said…。a local detective为Todd Park的同位语。the method has…为省略了引导词that的宾语从句，该宾语从句中又包含一个由whose引导的定语从句whose skeleton…Lake，修饰的是woman。
【译文】当地的侦探Todd Park说这个方法帮助他了解到关于一具在大盐湖附近发现的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。
7. He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that 07. He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He had a…résumé and gave…responses, but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。从句that he never looked her in the eye为the fact的同位语。and连接He的两个谓宾，but表转折，so则表结果。
【译文】这位应试者的履历非常完美，并且对她的问题回答得不错，但是，他不敢正视她这一事实意味着“不值得信赖”，因此她决定把工作留给第二个候选人。
8. When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句为we begin to realize…，从句为When引导的时间状语从句When we…etc.。主句中包括一个由that引导的宾语从句that some…values，作realize的宾语。从句中包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句what we think，作challenge的宾语；而think后又带了一个省略引导词的宾语从句we have learned from…etc.。
【译文】当我们开始质疑自己的假设，并且向那些我们认为是从我们的过去、媒体、同辈、家人、朋友等那里学到的东西发出挑战的时候，我们就开始意识到我们的结论有些是有缺陷的，或者说与我们的基本价值是相违背的。
9. We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为We need to…。to后带了三个并列的不定式，分别是train ourselves to think，shift our mindsets和realize，而that引导的宾语从句that diversity opens…us则作realize的宾语。creating…communities作伴随状语，该状语中又包括一个由that引导的定语从句that benefit everyone，修饰的是opportunities。
【译文】我们需要训练自己用不同的思维方式去思考，转变我们的思维，并且意识到多元化的大门向我们每一个人开放，这样就能创造机会，使组织和社区中的每一个人都受益。
10. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it 010. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’(2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主句为They only come in，从句为when引导的时间状语从句。从句中包含两个由and连接的并列结构a friend drops dead和they think…。‘Geez…’为think的宾语，该宾语的省略号里其实省略了与it could happen to him结构对应的it could happen to me too。
【译文】某个朋友在打高尔夫时猝死，他们会想：‘天啊，如果这能在他身上发生……’，只有这个时候他们才会来(医院)。
11. He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为He believes…diseases…could be addressed…。that引导的定语从句that commonly affect men修饰most diseases。by preventive check-ups为be addressed的方式状语。
【译文】他相信，那些经常感染男性的疾病大多数都可以通过预防性的检查来处理掉。
12. Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为复合句，主干为Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…。破折号在这里起到强调或引起别人注意破折号后面要说的话的作用。在破折号后，who引导的定语从句who will listen修饰的是anyone。
【译文】顾客很少向经理或者零售店的老板投诉，相反，他们会转而向他们的朋友、亲戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以听到的人吐苦水。
13. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句，主干为This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space为现在分词作后置定语，修饰those。
【译文】这些引导消除了顾客在停车场无尽地兜圈子的必要，而且避免了顾客之间因抢占空车位而引发的冲突。
14. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, in 014. Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句为简单句，主干为Customers can…improve…experiences。方式状语by filling complaints to the retailer修饰improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定，其前后成分结构一致，complaining前其实省略了by。
【译文】顾客也可以通过向零售商投诉来改善今后的购物体验，而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。
钻石句型：①主语+谓语+宾语（S+V+O）
②主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P)
一、句子扩展：修饰成分加长
（一）钻石句型①主谓宾句型
The boy (主语) likes (谓语) English (宾语).
1.主语扩展：
The clever boy likes English.
The boy with a book in his hand likes English.
The boy who is full of imagination likes English.
The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.
注：主语中心词为the boy, 可以通过加形容词、介词短语、定语从句及其组合等成分使主语复杂化，从而增加理解难度。考研翻译中的主语考点多为修饰成分繁多的主语。
2.谓语扩展：
The boy likes English very much.
The boy likes English out of interest.
The boy likes English influenced by his parents.
The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.
The boy liked English when he was five years old.
注：谓语动词like通过添加副词短语、介词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、状语从句等进行扩展，从而使句子变得复杂，增加了理解难度。考研翻译中注意找准动词及其修饰成分,以弄清逻辑关系。
3.宾语扩展：
The boy likes American English.
The boy likes English, the international language.
The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.
The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.
The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.
注：宾语English通过添加形容词（短语）、同位语、定语从句、分词短语及其组合进行扩展，从而使简单句变得复杂化。考研翻译中要注意这些修饰成分，如分词结构要找出逻辑主语等，定语从句要找出先行词，等等。
（二）钻石句型②主系表句型
The girl (主语) is (系动词) Mary (表语).
各部分扩展：
The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.
注：此句的扩展同上（也是通过添加修饰成分变复杂），不再赘述。
二、句子扩展：成分替换
句子的复杂不仅体现在修饰成分繁多上，还体现在句子成分本身的复杂化上，下面就通过句子成分由简单到复杂的替换来演示句子是如何变难的。
（一）钻石句型①主谓宾句型
主语扩展：
The event amazed the world.
What happened on July 15, 2001 amazed the world.
To hold the 2008 Olympics in China amazes the world.
Holding the 2008 Olympics in China amazed the world.
That China is to hold the 2008 Olympics amazes the world.
注：由此可见，充当主语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词，还可以是形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、主语从句。考研翻译中明确这一点，才能打开思路，更好地划分句子成分，从而做到真正理解句意，进而很好的用汉语表达出来。
宾语扩展：
He can hear me.
He can hear the strange sound.
He can hear anything happening in the building.
He can hear the sound from that building.
He can hear a girl crying in the building.
He can hear whatever happens in the building.
He decided to check what’s going on in the building.
He considered going to the building for a look.
注：由此可见，充当宾语的除了简单的名词(短语)、代词、数词，还有形式比较复杂的动词不定式(短语)，动名词(短语)，宾语从句。同样的，考研翻译中明确这一点也非常重要，有助于打开思路，理清句子成分。
（二）钻石句型②主系表句型
主语扩展：钻石句型①中的主语扩展（成分替换）已经很明确了，此处不再重复。
表语扩展：
They are beautiful.
They are in the zoo.
They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
They are interested in the new invention.
To see is to believe.
That is what we are talking about.
注：由此可见，充当表语的成分繁多，有形容词(短语)，介词短语，动词不定式(短语)，分词(短语)，名词，表语从句。考研翻译中若这些充当表语的成分变得更长一些，要注意识别。 三、示例
通过下面这个例子，并结合以上句子的扩展，体验一下
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
解析：
并列句。第一个分句主干：science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future为状语修饰provide， the best available和to the future分别为guide的前置定语和后置定语，由此本句宾语被复杂化： 第二个分句主干：it is critical that...,其中，it为形式主语，that从句为真正的主语，从句主语为名词短语our nation and the world, base...on...为固定搭配，第二个that从句为judgments的定语从句，分词结构concerning...为judgments的后置定语。
