1.表示增加
First, second, third, First, then / next, after that / next, finally For one thing … for another…, On (the) one hand…on the other hand,Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also, Especially / In particular,
2.表示时间顺序
now, at present, recently,after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment form now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
3.表示解释说明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover furthermore, in fact, actually
4.表示转折关系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for)， instead, of course, after all,
5.表示并列关系
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or,neither …nor
6.表示因果关系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a result (of)， otherwise, so…that, such…that
篇二：英语常用衔接词
英语造句注重句式的完整和上下文的衔接，常常运用连接词、关系词、短语以及其他手段将句子连接起来，表达一定的逻辑联系和语义关系。掌握英语中常见的逻辑线索标识词是正确听辨信息逻辑线索的关键。
先后次序：first of all, next, before, after, previously, eventually, finally 并列关系：and, too, at the same time, meanwhile, in the meantime
递进关系：also, moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, not only, on top of that
转折关系：but, however, though, whereas, nevertheless, in fact, instead 让步关系：although, though, despite, in spite of, even though
因果关系：so, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, reason, because, for, due to, conversely
对照关系：like, similarly, in a similar manner
对比关系：different from, unlike, by contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely
解释关系：that is to say, in other words, this means
条件关系：if, unless
, once, provided that, in case (of), had I known, were this to happen
举例关系：for example, for instance, in this case, namely, such as, a case in point 归纳总结：on the whole, in brief, to sum up, in conclusion, in summary, to conclude, in short
1、主谓关系中人称和数量不一致性
汉语的动词不受主语的人称和数的影响，但英语的谓语动词要和主语保持一致，谓语动词要随着主语而变化。而学生主要用汉语思维，因此他们往往没有习惯去考虑主语是第几人称，是单数还是复数。例如：
a. A number of students is going to learn a foreign language.
b. He go to school by bike every day.
分析：
a句中a number of +复数名词做主语时，其谓语动词用复数形式。b中 He是第三人称单数，在一般现在时态中谓语动词go应该加es。
2、时态
高中生在写作中经常在时态方面犯错误。英语时态种类繁多，动词的构成形式随着时态的变化而变化。中文里没有时态区分。动作或动词的时间由跟在动词后的诸如 “着”、“了”、“过”等副词来表示，对高中生来说，掌握英语的时态不是很容易。实际上，学习者在头脑里很清楚语法规则，但经常混淆或忘记改变动词的词形。例如：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it was born.
b. I spend 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it will rain tomorrow.
正确的句子：
a. A baby can cry as soon as it is born.
b. I spent 50 yuan buying the clothes.
c. I will not come here if it rains tomorrow.
分析：
第一句是一个常识问题，应该用一般现在时态。第二句“我买这件衣服花了50元”应该是过去时态。第三句主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时态。
3、语态错误
动词的被动式在英语中比比皆是，学生由于汉语思维的影响，很少考虑到用被动语态。虽然中文里也有被动式的含义，但与英语里被动式表达方式完全不同。英语里的被动式要求有助动词be和一个变异的过去分词形式，其中这个助动词带有时态和人称数量信息，中文里需要使用诸如“被”、“使”、“让”等词语，不需要有不规则的动词形式。这对中国的学习者来说就有潜在的困难。例如：
a. New bicycles must keep inside.
b. The book has to return at the end of the week.
c. The food has cooked.
d. Knife should take away from babies.
正确的句子：
a. New bicycles must be kept inside.
b. The book has to be returned at the end of the week.
c. The food has been cooked.
d. Knives should be taken away from babies.
很明显，这些句法结构己经被确认为未能正确使用英语中的被动式。学生还会犯一些其它方面的错误，其中之一是，常常把英语里没有被动语态的词(组)，如 take place, occur, happen, belong to，appear, break out, rise, die等用作被动语态。
4、固定搭配
错误有介词短语的搭配，固定词组的搭配，更多的`是特殊动词的搭配和用法出现错误最多。很多学习者在记单词的时候，不记搭配和真正用法，错误如下：
a. He suggested to go there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me to choose the one I liked best.
正确的句子：
a. He suggested going there on his bike.
b. My teacher explained to me the text very carefully.
c. My mother made me choose the one I liked best.
据以上的分析，中国学习者的英语应用很大程度上受到其母语的影响，直接翻译，没有记住这些动词的特殊用法。
5、非谓语动词
错误由于学生对非谓语动词的概念不清楚，对不定式、分词、动名词的用法不明白，对句子结构分析不正确，常把非谓语动词误用作谓语动词。学生不知道在英语句子中谓语动词只能有一个，如果有另外一个动词出现，这个动词有三种情况：一是并列谓语，但是这时候必须有连词，如and, but等;二是出现在从句里面;三就是以分词形式出现，现在分词和过去分词，还有不定式。现在分词有主动语态和进行时的含义，而过去区分词有被动语态和完成时的含义，不定式有将来时态的意义。例如：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things look at.
b. I am looking forward to see you.
正确的句子：
a. In the museum there are a lot of interesting things to look at.
b. I am looking forward to seeing you.
分析：
a句中己有谓语动词there are，用来修饰things，此句缺的是后置定语。b句look forward to是一个固定短语，后面要接动名词。c句要用现在分词作定语，跟所修饰的名词之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行，因此用“sleeping”，相当于 “the child who is sleeping"。
6、冠词错误
学生在翻译时常会忘了考虑冠词，或者说不重视冠词这个问题，常有多用或少用或错用的弊病。
冠词考查分两个方面，一是冠词的残缺或多余，考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别，如：in charge of与in the charge of, out of question与out of the question的区别。二是冠词the, a, an(不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
英汉名词确有许多共同点，但是也有不少不同点。英语名词有可数与不可数之分，汉语里没有，且一般情况下，名词都可受到数量词的限制。因此，英语写作中，一旦涉及到advice, news, progress, weather， information等少数常用不可数名词时，学生往往会犯错误。
不过，在使用英语不可数名词时，又会出现两种情况，一种是绝不可以用a/an或数词来直接修饰，如上述提及的几个名词：另一种情况是，少数不可数名词在被形容词等修饰后，可用a/an等来修饰。如time(时间)，rain(雨)。所以我们可以说：We had a wonderful time yesterday. 例如：
a. The air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
正确的句子：
a. Air is the most important thing for our existence.
b. The driver brought the car to a stop. In this way, he avoided an accident.
c. When the sun was setting, he still did not catch any fish.
7、代词的错误
代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、疑问代词、复合疑问代词、指示代词，要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用，关系代词 which, that, as之间的误用，关系代词that与疑问代词what之间的误用，关系代词which与关系副词when, where，以及what与how的误用等。例如：
a. We do not like he.
b. If you like this books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from me.
d. The population of China is larger than those of Japan.
正确的句子：
a. We do not like him.
b. If you like these books, you can take them away.
c. His book is different from mine.
d. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
汉语里，人称代词没有主格、宾格和所有格之变，而英语中的人称代词有主格、宾格和所有格之变，而且每格都具有其自身的用途，分别充当主语、宾语和定语等。尤其要注意的是，人称代词充当介词宾语时，也要采用其宾格形式。
8、连词的错误
连词主要有两类，即并列连词和从属连词，考查点主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是but与so/and之间的误用)，从属连词之间的误用以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。例如：
a. He had little to eat and a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived when he fell ill.
c. If you go this way, and you will soon see the hospital.
正确的句子：
a. He had little to eat but a large house to live in.
b. He had no sooner arrived than he fell ill.
c.1f you go this way，you will soon see the hospital.
9、名词的错误
名词主要考查单数名词变复数名词，这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响，英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外，可数名词要用复数形式。另外还有一些特殊形式。例如：
a. What a beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regard to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subject.
正确的句子：
a. What beautiful weather we are having today!
b. Please give my best regards to your parents.
c. I have got good marks in all my subjects.
10、情态动词和助动词的错误
这类错误有以下几种情况：① 情态动词后的动词使用过去时态;② 情态动词后的动词加“s”③ 情态动词后的动词加“ing”④”will”后面的“be”动词用“am、“is”或“are ”;⑤助动词“do”后面的动词用动词过去时态;⑥。助动词“do”后面的动词第三人称单数加“s";⑦ 助动词“do”后面的动词加“ing”等。例如：
a. I could did my homework.
b. He may goes to school by bike every day.
正确的句子：
a. I could do my homework.
b. He may go to school by bike every day.
1、简单句
不管是我们阅读还是写作，构造和理解简单句都是最基本的技能。在这个技能中，记住一点是十分重要的。也就是说：在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个谓语部分。笔者之所以强调这一点，是因为笔者在长期的教学实践中，深深感到中国学生虽然对它有一个正确的认识，但是由于汉语影响的缘故，往往在写作中犯一个句子中出现两个甚至两个以上谓语的错误。比如有的学生会轻易而不自觉地出现这样的错误：（举例）。体现在阅读中，就是当面对一个多修饰语的简单句时，不能有意识地运用寻找句子谓语部分这一重要的理解句子的突破口。
英语的简单句只有五种基本句型，所有的英语句子都不能离开这五种基本句型，所以我们把它们谙熟于心是非常重要而且大有裨益的。这五种句型是：SV , SVC , SVO , SVOC , SVOiOd。其中S = Subject，也就是主语；V = Verbal phrase，也就是谓语部分；C = Complement ，表示跟在系动词之后的补语；O = Object，也就是句子的宾语，在最后一种句型中包括间接宾语和直接宾语。这五种句型的形成依靠的是谓语部分的动词的用法，动词的用法又是和它的意义不可分的。比如hit这个词，它的意思是摯驍，那么摯驍这个动作必须有一个执行者，就是主语。同时它还少不了一个受事者，也就是宾语，不然就产生不了完整的意义。而smile就不同了，它可以只有一个主语，而没有宾语。从这些简单的例子中我们可以看出谓语部分在句子中的极端重要性。我们在阅读句子的时候，第一个任务就是要找到谓语在什么地方。在阅读实践中，由于英语的很多单词都可以有不止一种词性，所以往往给辨认谓语动词带来一定的困难。下面请先作练习一，辨认句子中的谓语。
2、并列句（compound sentence）
英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括and, not only … but (also )…, neither ( nor) 。第二种包括or , either … or …；第三种包括but , while , whereas等。第四种只有一个for。对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：
(1)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.
(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.
(3)Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he accustomed to the weather.
(4)The children can go with us , or they can stay at home.
(5)You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.
(6)The young man has often been praised , but he is never conceited.
(7)While our country has plenty of oil , theirs has none.
(8)They want to live in town , whereas we would rather live in the country.
(9)They apparently have a good drainage system , for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.
有必要说明的是以上的关联词并非只能有一个含义，比如and就可以表示意义增补、动作先后、转折或让步、条件和结果等等一些用法。这里笔者只是提醒大家辨别从句，所以这方面的语言知识请参考相关的语法书。
另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate construction)区分开来。并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。
3、 从属句
构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句(Nominal Clauses)（可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语）、关系分句（Relative Clauses）、状语分句（Adverbial Clauses）。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难找到，这里就不再多讲了。需要提醒读者的是，在判定句子的类型之后，最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和从属分句的谓语。
Laboratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.
这里的主语是Laboratory scientists，但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是are doubtless better than。
4.英语的信息末端原则的应用
在英语中，信息含量大的部分往往出现在句子的末尾。这个特点一方面造就了一些非正常语序的句子，另一方面可以给我们提供线索，帮助我们正确理解英语中的长句。我们知道，一个信息发出者要表达丰富的信息，离开从句是寸步难行的。可是不管句子结构多么复杂，基本的句型还是只有五种。下面我们可以通过逐一的分析，探讨英语难句形成的规律。对于SV结构，由于英语句子一般是末尾的信息含量大，所以这种句子往往难以构成阅读困难，至多是主语位置有定语从句或者同位语从句。例如：（例子）。SVO结构的难点在于主语和宾语都可以连接定语从句；SVC结构也难以构成较复杂的句子；SVOC结构如果出现长句，那么往往是补语被调整到宾语的前面；SVOO结构也要注意哪个是直接宾语，哪个是间接宾语。
SVOC：People often let their fear of speaking up and appearing more dull-witted than their peers interfere with their understanding.
Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe.
