科学的目的在于叙述,而不在于说明,这也是科学家们的自道。换句话说,科学虽能解答“How”(如何)的疑问,却不能回答“Why”(为何)。科学家自己也承认没有回答的权利。他们只能说出眼前的现象是怎样发生的,他们的职能就基本完成了。为回应“How”这个质问,那就非得寻找眼前的现象所产生的途径不可,所以科学者的研究,是不能摆脱“时间”观念的。
文学也并非没有这个“How”的分子,它与科学的不同之处,是文学不必在其一切方面,都提出“How”这个问题。如上所述,“How”这个词是不能脱离时间而言的。而文学的一部分,的确也是离不开时间观念的。文学的这一部分,在回答“How”这一点上,与科学毫无不同。一切小说、稗史,叙事诗,戏剧等,都含有时间观念,如一个事件生出另一个事件,波澜之上又生波澜,或主人公由于种种遭遇,而形成了某种性格,一概都要归到“How”的问题上。但是文学不必像科学那样始终把这个“How”放在心头。世上的一切事物物象都是动的,而不是静止的。携带画具到郊外去,便知道同是一棵树,同是一片原野,同是一个天,是怎样地随着阳光的作用而千变万化。仅仅用“How”的眼光,去观察这样地始终变化着、流动着的事物,那就会如同拉起一根无限的长线,而无休无止了。然而文艺家却有一种权利,可以随意截取这个无限中的一段,而将它加以永恒化。也就是说,他拥有一种特权,可以任意从那连绵不断的、无穷无尽的事物中,随意截取一个局部,摆脱“时间”的制约而加以描写。像画家雕刻家所捕捉的,始终都是这种没有“时间”流动的断面,而且显然也只能如此。而且文学所含有的“时间”因素,范围固然大于雕刻,而在不顾“时间”束缚,即时抒发情怀等方面,与绘画、雕刻是同类的,所以文学家的F,不像科学者的F那样始终为“How”这个好奇心所纠缠。例如彭斯的诗:
“Tho’ cruel Fate should bid us part,
As far’s the Pole and Line;
Her dear idea round my heart
Should tenderly entwine.
Tho’ mountains frown and deserts howl,
And oceans roar between;
Yet, dearer than my deathless soul,
I still would love my Jean.”
— Tho’ Cruel Fate.
这完全是一时的感情流露,故而只能看作是时间序列上的一个断面。又如赫里克[1]的诗句:
Upon Julia’s Haire Fill’d with Dew.
“Dew sate on Julia’s haire,
And spangled too,
Like Leaves that laden are
With trembling Dew:
Or ghitter’d to my sight,
As when the Beames
Have their ref lected light,
Daunc’t by the Streames.”
这首真可谓简单而率真的诗。所吟咏的不过是滴在茱莉亚头上的露水,至于这露水从何而来,茱莉亚在哪里,与自己的关系如何等等问题,一律没有提到。上文所引彭斯诗句表现的是主观的断面,这首诗表现的是客观的断面。
也许有人要说:文学中固然也有一些作品是不包含时间观念的,但是大凡可以称为文学名著的作品,哪个不触及“How”的问题呢?试看叙事诗,试看戏曲,或者小说,大部分岂不都是围绕这个“How”,而激发读者兴趣的吗?这话固然有片面的道理,但是显而易见,文学中所包含的时间观念,绝不是确定作品价值的依据,这主要是由欣赏者的态度如何来决定的。捕捉一时的、容易消失的现象而感到快意的人,即便他是文学家,也接近于画家、雕刻家了。像日本的和歌、俳句,或汉诗的大部分,无非都是描写这种断面的文学。所以仅以其形式简单、以其实质性的内容较少为理由,来厘定其文学的价值,是轻率的行为。
其次,文学家与科学家之间的差异,还表现在对待事物的态度上。科学家对事物的态度是分析的解剖的。我们通常都以朴素的看法,满以为天下的事物都应以完整的形式而存在。即以为人就是人、马就是马。然而科学家决不仅仅以观察这个人或马的形状而满足,他们必分解其成分,对各自的性质加以研究,否则不算完。也就是说,科学者之对待事物的态度是破坏性的,非得把自然界那些以完整形状存在的东西切成细片不可。他们不以肉眼的观察为满足,必须利用百倍以至千倍的显微镜来观察才能达其目的。分成复合体还不甘心,还要分成元素、分成原子。这样分解的结果,往往就顾不得由各个部分构成的整体了。而且,事实上有时也不必顾及。例如他们把水分解成H2O的时候,他们所要的是H与O,不是由H2O构成的水本身。
那么文学家所使用的分析解剖又是怎样的呢?小说家分析人物性格,描写事物时则突出其特点。假如文学家没有这种态度,当事物需要选择取舍的时候,选择要舍去的事物时,他就不把文学性的部分加以突出,而使不必要的部分退居其次。换言之,他所描述的事物就不会那么生动了。文学化的分析解剖与科学家的不同之处,在于前者的态度是用肉眼而非显微镜,而且是只依据观察,而不用实验的方法。例如,物理学家关于“Conceptual Discontinuity of Bodies”(物体概念的中断性)的见解吧。他的逻辑是:凡物体都有弹性,例如连空气这样的物质,也可以放入圆形器皿压缩之,因而一切物体的质,在严密的意义上说,都不是不变的。这样的假说,不是文学家所需要知道的。或如费希纳根据实验结果,发现所谓“Golden Cut”(黄金分割率)这样的审美的分隔方法,也是科学家的事,文学家则大都不在意,更不用说形成是事物的直线、圆形的甄别等,都不是文学家所能需要的。至于进一步追问自然界的线,于几何学上是否有效,这更是文学家所无知的。他们只由感觉的印象来决定真伪,若进一步查考科学上的真,有时反而走向反面。对他们而言,太阳是出于东而没于西,而不是地球旋绕太阳旋转;珊瑚是呈红色的坚硬而优美的枝,并不是水螅的虫巢。诗人罗塞蒂说过,太阳绕地球也好,地球绕太阳也罢,我都不管。济慈写道:
“Do not all charms f ly
At the mere touch of cold philosophy?
There was an awful rainbow once in heaven:
We know her woof, her texture; she is given
In the dull catalogue of common things.
Philosophy will clip an Angels’ wings,
Conquer all mysteries by rule and line,
Empty the haunted air, and gnomed mine—
Unweave a rainbow, as it erewhile made
The tender-person’d Lamia melt into a shade.”
— Lamia, Pt. II. ll. 229-38.
丁尼生在《贝壳》(The Shell)一诗中也写道:
I.
“See what a lovely shell,
Small and pure as a pearl,
Lying close to my foot,
Frail, but work divine,
Made so fairily well
With delicate spire and whorl,
How exquisitely minute,
A miracle of design!
II.
What is it? a learned man
Could give it a clumsy name.
Let him name it who can,
The beauty would be the same.”
— Pt. II. ii.
文学家所做的这样的解剖,始终是以整体的活动为指归,各部分加以分别描写,也必须归结到整体上去,尔后才有价值。通读易卜生[2]的戏剧,我们虽然对他那非凡的艺术手法感到吃惊,惊异于他把个人的性格分别写得那么精细,但这不过是为了要把各部分的分析应用于整体的构思。无论是怎样精巧的分析解剖,若没有形成整体印象,或有妨于整体印象的描写,在文学上无论如何是吃力不讨好的。艾略特[3]在西洋小说家之中具有一流的地位,特别是在知识的方面,可谓无人可比,故而其作品中的性格分析,没有狄更斯那样的不自然,也没有像司各特那样的散漫。但是可惜他太逻辑了,有时小说单成了作者的工具,那里面的人物大都成了傀儡,即一举一动,都按作者的逻辑进行,往往失去了自由鲜活。原因在于,他虽然把精细的分析解剖推到了极致,但是被解剖的诸要素只是被解剖,并没有以其完整性诉诸我们的注意。
像性格之描写这样的复杂问题这里暂且不说,像叙述一事一物,须使其在人们的脑海里栩栩如生这样的小问题,道理也都是一样的。过于微细的句子,其效果反多不如简洁的劲句,这是无可争辩的事实。小说中女性的容貌,描写鼻子怎么样,眼睛又怎么样,这样一一精细描述的结果,留在我们脑海里的,至多只是朦胧的影子。这就是只顾各部分,而置整体于不顾的弊病。试读下举一节:
“She was indeed sweetly fair, and would have been held fair among rival damsels. On a magic shore, and to a youth educated by a System, strung like an arrow drawn to the head, he, it might be guessed, could f ly fast and far with her. The soft rose in her cheeks, the clearness of her eyes, bore witness to the body’s virtue; and health and happy blood were in her bearing. Had she stood before Sir Austin among rival damsels, that Scientif ic Humanist, for the consummation of his System, would have thrown her the handkerchief for his son. The wide summer-hat, nodding over her forehead to her brows, seemed to f low with the f lowing heavy curls, and those f ire-threaded mellow curls, only half-curls, waves of hair call them, rippling at the ends, went like a sunny red-veind torrent down her back almost to her waist: a glorious vision to the youth, who embraced it as a f lower of beauty, and read not a feature. There were curious features of colour in her face for him to have read. Her brows, thick and brownish against a soft skin showing the action of the blood, met in the bend of a bow, extending to the temples long and level: you saw that she was fashioned to peruse the sights of earth, and by the pliability of her brows that the wonderful creature used her faculty, and was not going to be a statue to the gazer. Under the dark thick brows an arch of lashes shot out, giving a wealth of darkness to the full frank blue eyes, a mystery of meaning—more than brain was ever meant to fathom: richer, henceforth, than all mortal wisdom to Prince Ferdinand. For when nature turns artist, and produces contrasts of colour on a fair face, where is the Sage, or what the Oracle, shall match the depth of its lightest look?”
这是梅瑞狄斯的《理查·弗维莱尔的苦难》(The Ordeal of Richard Fevered)第十五章对于露西的描写,那里面当然不是没有作者独特的妙味,但是一读之后,那个女性的面容,不会立即闪电般地映入脑海,这是任何人都不能否定的吧。
莎士比亚的作品《暴风雨》中的米兰达,看了(Ferdinand)一眼,对父亲问道:
“What is’t ? a spirit ?
Lord, how it looks about! Believe me, sir,
It carries a brave form. But ’tis a spirit.”
— Act I. sc. ii. ll. 409-11.
父亲答道,那是失掉了自己的船只、又与朋友分离而痛苦彷徨的人,并不是幽灵。米兰达听罢,只说了这么一句:
“I might call him
A thing divine, for nothing natural
I ever saw so noble.”
— ll. 417-9.
这里写得太简单了。也正因为太简单,就无法使人对斐迪南产生一种大致的印象。虽然可以用一个词形容全体,这一个词却未能清晰地捕捉住任何具象,在这一点与梅瑞狄斯相比显然略逊一筹。然而效果的优劣只能归为作家艺术手腕的高低,在用一个词而描写全体上,莎翁就运用得很是出色。当单用这样的方法达不到预期的整体效果时,或依靠部分的分析解剖还不能给读者以综合印象时,作家便利用最切近的比喻,在有限的语言中突显全景。在宴会上看到朱丽叶时罗密欧的话是这样说的:
“O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!
So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,
As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows.”
— Romeo and Juliet, Act I. sc. v. ll. 46-50.
在精致的叙述中最著名的失败的例子,是阿里奥斯托[4]《疯狂的奥兰多》(Orlando Furioso)中描写阿尔奇娜(Alcina)之美的那段文字。莱辛在《拉奥孔》中,曾举出这一节作为失败的例子,这是众所周知的,不过这里为参考起见,还是请读者一读:
“Her shape is of such perfect symmetry,
As best to feign the industrious painter knows,
With long and knotted tresses; to the eye
Not yellow gold with brighter lustre glows.
Upon her tender cheek the mingled dye
Is scattered, of the lily and the rose.
Like ivory smooth, the forehead gay and round
Fills up the space, and forms a f itting bound.
Two black and slender arches rise above
Two clear black eyes, say suns of radiant light;
Which ever softly beam and slowly move;
Round these appears to sport in frolic f light,
Hence scattering all his shafts, the little Love,
And seems to plunder hearts in open sight.
Thence, through mid visage, does the rose descend,
Where Envy f inds not blemish to amend.
As if between two vales, which softly curl,
The mouth with vermeil tint is seen to glow:
Within are strung two rows of orient pearl,
Which her delicious lips shut up or show.
Of force to melt the heart of any churl,
However rude, hence courteous accents f low;
And here that gentle smile receives its birth,
Which opes at will a paradise on earth.
Like milk the bosom, and the neck of snow;
Round is the neck. and full and large the breast;
Where, fresh and f irm, two ivory apples grow,
Which rise and fall, as, to the margin pressed
By pleasant breeze, the billows come and go.
Not prying Argus could discern the rest.
Yet might the observing eye of things concealed
Conjecture safely, from the charms revealed.
To all her arms a just proportion bear,
And a white hand is oftentimes descried,
Which narrow is, and somedeal long; and where
No knot appears, nor vein is signif ied.
For f inish of that stately shape and rare,
A foot, neat, short and round, beneath is spied.
Angelic visions, creatures of the sky,
Concealed beneath no covering veil can lie.”
像这样从头顶写到脚,写得一丝不苟、有条不紊,令人叹为观止。只可惜作为描写对象的美人,整体形象却是模糊的。荷马所使用的简洁的描写法,例如“Nereus was beautiful;Achilles still more so;Helen possessed godlike beauty.”这样的描写,反而能唤起前面那种细致描写想唤起而终未能唤起的印象。又如日本的俳句,在区区十七字的限制之中,其描写却很具有文学性效果,原因在于它所使用的词语都是很洗练的,如“美人”、“佳人”等,绝不包含细微的科学的分解。
因此,文学家的分析解剖,是以分析解剖为手段,以综合为目的。没有达到综合之目的时,再细巧的分析解剖也是徒劳无功。这就使得一部分人提倡单纯而有力的叙述。有力要怎样有力呢?在观察的角度方法日益发达的今天,却推崇单纯的叙述,这就不能不说是太不合时宜了。民谣(ballads)是率真而单纯的,故而很能动人,因此一切叙述都须学习民谣,这就如同主张豆腐是淡而有味的,故其他食物都可以不要。上古时代的著作,似乎都是单纯而不经分析解剖的记述。民谣不用说,乔叟如此,亚瑟王的故事也是如此,《左传》亦如此、井原西鹤[5]还是如此。以前那些著名的文学家之所以如此就成功了,这固然能够证明他们的方法是正确,但不能由此断言其他的方法就必然失败。他们叙事状物,三言两语就能写出全体。但是这三言两语仅仅是他们粗略的观察和粗疏的描写,而除此之外的功力就不具备了。他们在整体描写上似乎还不错,但在精细的描写方面、在对一事物由内及外的全方位描写方面,无论如何都是不充分的。有人赞扬说西鹤是文章大家,能够写一笔便让事物栩栩如生。确实如此。但同时也不要忘记,井原西鹤固然能够一笔写出整体,但却是缺乏缜密观察力的。这是时代的局限,不能责怪西鹤本人。倘若让西鹤重生于今世,也许他也能够使用分析解剖的方法,从不同角度侧面描写同一事物了。他缺乏分析解剖的能力,故而在不做分析解剖这一点上取得了成功;我们具备了分析解剖的能力,所以在分析解剖这一点上必须取得成功。要尽可能把整体加以分析解剖,同时又要把分析后的各部分整合起来,给读者以整体印象,这是古今时事之差,也是古今文学之差。我们只有在某种特殊的场合中,才能毫不犹疑地采用祖先的态度与方法;同时我们的描述又不能有悖于我们精细的观察力,这样才能显出我们的本领。亨利·詹姆斯[6]写夏洛特·斯丹特(Charlotte Stant)的一瞬间,就使用了一千多字[《金碗》(The Golden Bowl)第三章];分析一个人在伦敦桥旁滑倒这样一件小事时的心理状态,就几乎写了一整篇[《我们的征服者》(One of our Conquerors)第一章]。佩特[7]评论《蒙娜丽莎》(La Gioconda)时说过这么一段话:
“The presence that thus rose so strangely beside the waters, is expressive of what in the ways of a thousand years men had come to desire. Here is the head upon which all “the ends of the world are come,” and the eyelids are a little weary. It is a beauty wrought out from within upon the f lesh, the deposit, little cell by cell, of strange thoughts and fantastic reveries and exquisite passions. Set it for a moment beside one of those white Greek goddesses or beautiful women of antiquity, and how would they be troubled by this beauty, into which the soul with all its maladies has passed! All the thoughts and experience of the world have etched and moulded there, in that which they have of power to ref ine and make expressive the outward form, the animalism of Greece, the lust of Rome, the reverie of the middle age with its spiritual ambition and imaginative loves, the return of the Pagan world, the sins of the Borgias. She is older than the rocks among which she sits; like the vampire, she has been dead many times, and learned the secrets of the grave; and has been a diver in deep seas, and keeps their fallen day about her; and traff icked for strange webs with Eastern merchants: and, as Leda, was the mother of Helen of Troy, and as Saint Anne, the mother of Mary; and all this has been to her but as the sound of lyres and f lutes, and lives only in the delicacy with which it has moulded the changing lineaments, and tinged the eyelids and the hands. The fancy of a perpetual life, sweeping together ten thousand experiences, is an old one; and modern thought has conceived the idea of humanity as wrought upon by, and summing up in itself, all modes of thought and life. Certainly Lady Lisa might stand as the embodiment of the old fancy, the symbol of the modren idea.”
— The Renaissance.
这样的分析解剖,即便在文章语言日益复杂的今天也难得一见了,而能这样综合记述一种完整的情绪的,也是很少见的。最后应该知道,像这样精巧的记述,便有一百个马洛礼[8],一千个西鹤,也是不能及的。而且现代人的观察力,现代人表现其观察力的艺术,要求我们非使用这样的语言不可。所以我说,文学家必须分析解剖,但是不能止于分析解剖。而在分析解剖的之下,显示细微之处,而细微之处又必须综合起来,形成一种完整的精神结构,并送入读者脑海中。
关于分析解剖,科学家与文学家之间的差异大体如上。但是这里还要说明一点,即科学家有时也想描写事物的全局,例如科学理论,便是确立某事物的定义并欲正确陈述之。然而这时候科学家的态度,与文学家一般所采取的态度是一样的吗?以下想稍加说明。
同是要描写事物的全体,科学家诉诸概念,文学家诉诸绘画。换言之,前者是捕捉事物的形体与“机械的组织”,后者则捕捉事物的生命与感情。其次,科学家的定义是为分类提供依据,文学者的叙述则是为了使事物鲜活起来。科学家按照类似性而整理出系统,对于个别性的物体没有多大兴趣;至于文学家,其目标不在事物的“秩序的配置”,而在事物之本质。当事物之本性被淋漓尽致地描写出来、并包含着一种情绪时,那就是文学家成功了。因而文学家所着力追求的,是事物的幻惑,他的本事就在于将事物写得栩栩如生。科学家所追求的是特性的解释,而不是由这个特性而形成的物体活动的实况。现在试以“堇草”为例加以说明。对于“堇草”,字典解释说:
“Viola. A large genus of usually small plants of the violet family, having alternate leaves and axillary peduncles bearing 1 or 2 irregular f lowers, the lower petal being prolonged into a spur or sac.”
这显然是缺少生动性的文字。再看华兹华斯的诗句:
“A violet by a mossy stone
Half-bidden from the eye!
— Fair as a star, when only one
Is shining in the sky.”
—She dwelt among the untrodden ways
我们在这里可以看到生机盎然的堇草。再看同一位诗人的《咏雏菊》(To the Daisy):
“Thee Winter in the garland wears
That thinly decks his few grey hairs;
Spring parts the clouds with softest airs,
That she may sun thee;
Whole Summer-f ields are thine by right;
And Autumn, melancholy Wight!
Doth in thy crimson head delight
When rains are on thee.
In shoals and bands, a morrice train,
Thou greed’st the traveller in the lane;
Pleased at his greeting thee again
Yet nothing daunted,
Nor grieved if thou be set at naught:
And oft alone, in nooks remote,
We meet thee, like a pleasant thought,
When such are wanted.”
诗人所吟咏的,是雏菊对于自然界的“感情态度”,所描写的是其生命。赫里克有一首诗吟咏的则是蔷薇:
“Under a Lawne, then skyes more cleare,
Some ruff led Roses nestling were:
And snugging there. they seem’d to lye
As in a f lowrie Nunnery:
They blush’d, and look’d more fresh then f lowers
Quickened of late by Pearly showers;
And all, because they were possest
But of the heat of Julia’s breast:
Which as a warme, and moistned spring,
Gave them their ever f lourishing.”
所谓“ruff led”(吹皱),所谓“nestling”(依偎),都是能够直接引起情绪的字眼儿,故以此手段所表现出的蔷薇,绝不是死的蔷薇,乃是有灵魂的蔷薇。一经有了这样的幻惑,花瓣的大小、枝干的长短,全都不足以介意了。
以上关于文学的和科学之区别的论述,瑞恰慈的《文学批评原理》(Principles of Literary Criticism)(第52页以下)有类似的话,可资参照。
还有,科学家的欲求在于概括,是在综合一个一个具体事物的基础上,而发见其统一的法则。因此,它没有彩色,没有音响,也没有感情。反之,文学家不能以这种冷冰冰的法则为满足,而是要赋之以肉血,而广为世人所知。这样,科学家与文学家,在这一层面上就类似理科对工科的区别了。“女人的一个念头”,这是世俗的概括性的文句,其中自无科学价值,然而倘若这样说:
“And o’er the hills, and far away
Beyond their utmost purple rim,
Beyond the night, across the day,
Thro’ all the world she follow’d him.”
— Tennyson, The Day-Dream.
这样的描述给人的感觉是多么强烈啊!况且还是对科学家抽象概括的诗化呢!
其次应该注意的一点,是科学家尤其是物理学家,是在时间与空间的关系中来看待物质现象。为了方便起见,他们使用自家独有的语言。而最重要的,就是在语言中使用数字这种符号。他们把映入我们眼中的色彩,跑入我们耳中的音响,都改成这种语言,说这是乙醚或空气的振动;他们叙述冷暖时,又用这种语言说是摄氏几度、华氏几度。文学创作有时也使用类似的语言。然而文学家所用的数字,为的不是把那些有滋有味的东西化成无滋无味的,也不是要将有热有光的东西弄成冷静而空洞的东西;而是要化无为有,化暗为明。文学家常用这种手段将难以捉摸的事物在明亮处加以把握。以画家瓦茨[9]的杰作《希望》为例,他将无形无影、模糊抽象的“希望”捕捉住,巧妙地将其具体化。要问这画家用了什么方法?只不过是赋予这种符号以形状而已。文学也一样,或为表现难以形容的“恋爱”而用曼陀罗(Myrtle),或用山楂(Hawthorn)来表现看不见的“希望”。这些,无非都是使用了象征的手段,与科学家用数字,在性质上无异。
下面要谈谈文学家为了把事物写活,而如何使用象征法。
我个人的趣味爱好来说,我喜欢明快的叙述,而不喜欢所谓象征。不过我承认象征主义在文学中成为一种势力,是不无缘由的。
大凡象征法中使用的符号,许多场合下是要通过思索才能领悟的。换言之,符号很少能够像水一沾手便知冷热那样立刻唤起它所代表的事物,所以有时很像听到玩笑话而浑然不觉,须加以说明然后才明白其意。具有神秘色彩的诗人布莱克[10],对象征似乎有着特殊的兴趣,斯温伯恩在谈到他的作品《玉妆奁》时说了下面的话:
所谓“玉妆奁”(Cabinet),就是指热情炽烈或者诗趣盎然的幻梦,是形而上之宝,但往往容易变成为形而上的束缚。人被囚在里面。虽有钥匙,但终于还是沦为囚徒。造此牢者,无非是爱情,无非是艺术。坐其中而眺望之,曾是美妙之景、和怡之乐、月光白露,一片清新的天地,足以安我身,足以悦我目。然而终究飘渺不可捕捉,如形影一般可望不可得。我们一经坠入其中,现世中的快乐与力量就会倍增。只是求之者过多,当要把形而上者变为形而下者,当要将双手无法把握的幽深事物,用火焰之手加以把握,当要把“本原的”译为“暂存的”、把“实在的”译为“附存的”的时候,原来应该是与我们之生命长久共存的结构,也就瞬间破灭了。这令我们沮丧气馁、不知所措,像婴儿一样号哭不已。这样,原本在幽玄虚幻之境欣然雀跃、无忧无虑的婴儿,却一下子变成了不幸的忧郁的孩子。不但如此,往日的孩童时代我们也回不去了。因为过度苦闷焦虑,虽有很大的幻梦却捕捉不得。旧的欢乐失去了,而新的欢乐未至。我们心灵中像圣母一样的爱情和艺术,也都与我们一起黯然神伤、逐渐衰微。在我们身边吹过的,只是失掉了幻梦的荒凉的精神灵魂以及肃杀的悲风。[见斯温伯恩《威廉·布莱克》(William Blake, a critical Essay),第176—177页。]
The Crystal Cabinet.
“The maiden caught me in the wild,
Where I was dancing merrily;
She put me into her cabinet,
And locked me up with a golden key.
This cabinet is formed of gold;
And pearl and crystal shining bright,
And within it opens into a world
And a little lovely moony night.
Another England there I saw,
Another London with its Tower,
Another Thames and other hills,
And another pleasant Surrey bower.
Another maiden like herself,
Translucent, lovely, shining dear,
Threefold, each in the other closed,—
Oh what a pleasant trembling fear!
Oh what a smile! A threefold smile
Filled me that like a f lame I burned;
I bent to kiss the lovely maid,
And found a threefold kiss returned.
I strove to seize the inmost form
With ardour f ierce and hands of f lame,
But burst the crystal cabinet,
And like a weeping babe became:
A weeping babe upon the wild,
And weeping woman pale reclined,
And in the outward air again
I f illed with woes the passing wind.”
读者吟咏此诗,若能从中体会斯温伯恩所说的寓意于瞬间的意思,则象征诗的功效也可以说是巨大的了。然而事实正相反。想通过象征的语言来剔除暗含于背后的东西,那就如同通过人的耳目而捕捉人的精神一样。虽说并非不能使人想象那无形之灵,但是若以人的意志来揣摩其一举一动,就会出现许多错误,这样的事例十分多见。况且是想靠观测眼睛鼻子的状态来猜测大脑的活动呢!即使猜中了,那也已经离开了文学的赏鉴;又何况仅凭一个难以捕捉的象征,就想把内在的寓意置于掌上加以观察呢!我读了《玉妆奁》所产生的感觉,和读了《列仙传》所得的感觉一样。我的感想,不求超乎此,而且也终于不能超乎此。
回头看看东方诗歌的鉴赏评论中,也似乎是很推崇这种象征法的。特别应该注意的,是在其解释方面,他们形成了一些习弊,却自以为得意。例如说松尾芭蕉[11]的《古池》一句含有禅理,对“说话唇冷,好个秋风”之类,则附着于道德的意义。这种例子比比皆是。寒山是生活枯淡的禅宗教徒,后人结其诗集,名“寒山诗”,江户时代的僧人白隐为之注解,名为《寒山诗阐提记闻》,这都是大家所知道的。寒山诗有一联曰“泣露千般草,吟风一样松”,白隐的解释是:“此一联乃寒山诗特有之佳境,是寒山九虎之险关,此即赵州之所谓‘易见而难透’者,若是透得过,大约是很难得了。往往作风光之看,作实相之会,作昆仑之会,作陀罗尼之判,特不知隔着天涯。”云云。我不知道芭蕉或者寒山作的俳句或写的诗,是否有白隐解释的那种意思,不过我只想说一句:倘若他们真的由这种意思去作诗,那就只能证明他们并不是真正的诗人。原本文学中的象征法,目的并不是在使读者寻找其符号所代表的意义,而是自然而然地引申出来的,不是按逻辑道理去推论,而是靠感情上的联想。世上有一种不识情趣的人,在欣赏这种文学作品时,滥用那些不加讲解就会使人莫名其妙的符号,批评家也像抽签算卦似的妄加推测,牵强附会,大肆吹嘘真理就在这里了。这实在是可笑!在文学中,所谓高远,所谓幽微,只是被包含于感兴中并且自然体现出来的高远或幽微。把远离感兴的哲理植入作品中,以为文学的高远、深刻之处就在于此,这不过是想抛弃文学的本质特征,而甘为理智的奴隶而已。文学家不妨把哲学加以诗化。至于把诗来哲学化,则如同对主人反戈一击。
现在回到上段,将我所说的话简单概括如下:文学家是添香于无香者,赋形于无形者;反之,科学家是夺有形者之形,去有香者之香。在这一点上,可以说文学家和科学家对事物的翻译是完全背道而驰的,两者分列左右,各司其职。文学家为了表现感觉或情绪而用象征法,科学家则用那些与感觉或情绪完全无关的独特符号来记述事物。所以我们即使懂得科学家的符号语言,当要回到其符号所表示的事物本身时,也须费一道两道的手续,而且其路径始终是间接,而不是直接的。若说摄氏100度、华氏212度,看起来虽似简单明了,但要想给予我们强有力的印象,是远远不及下面这段文学记述的:
“Thirty years ago, Marseilles lay burning in the sun one day.
A blazing sun upon a f ierce August day was no greater rarity in southern France then, than at any other time, before or since. Everything in Marseilles, and about Marseilles, had stared at the fervid sky, and been stared at in return, until a staring habit had become universal there ....
Blinds, shutters, curtains, awnings, were all closed and drawn to keep out the stare. Grant it but a chink or keyhole, and it shot in like a white-hot arrow. The churches were the freest from it. To come out of the twilight of pillars and arches—dreamily dotted with winking lamps, dreamily peopled with ugly old shadows piously dozing, spitting, and begging-was to plunge into a f iery river, and swim for life to the nearest strip of shade. So, with people lounging and lying wherever shade was, with but little hum of tongues or barking of dogs, with occasional jangling of discordant church bells, and rattling of vicious drums, Marseilles, a fact to be strongly smelt and tasted, lay broiling in the sun one day.”
— Dickens, Little Dorrit, chap. i.
这里要顺带说一下,就是文学有时也使用数字。与其说是“有时”,不如说使用数字是文学有力的表现手段。文学上的数字和科学家的数字,都是数字,并无二致,但须知使用数字的目的,两者大不相同。文学家所用的数字决不是翻译式的,其作用与科学家的数字完全相反。是加在事物之上而使其更为显著者,那正如添味之药。有人批评南洲[12]的诗,说那是数学式诗,什么七寸之鞋、三尺之剑、千条发丝等。但这种场合的数字,是为了使有关事物的性质更加显著而采用的一种手段,故而称之为数学式,实在是不恰当的。以前中国诗人所爱用的一剑、半夜、千里或四海等,也属此类。下面试举西洋诗的例子:
“And the Lord said unto him, Therefore whosoever slayeth Cain, Vengeance shall
be taken on him sevenfold.”
— Genesis, iv. 15.
“The tithe of a hair was never lost in my house before.”
— Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV, Act III. sc. iii. l. 66.
“She took me to her elf in grot,
And there she wept and sigh’d full sore,
And there I shut her wild, wild eyes
With kisses four.”
— Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci.
“Cairbar thrice threw his spear on earth. Thrice he stroked his beard.”
— Ossian[13] , Temora, Bk. I.
“Seven of my sweet loves thy knife
Hath bereavèd of their life:
Their marble tombs I built with tears
And with cold and shadowy fears.
Seven more loves weep night and day
Round the tombs where my loves lay,
And seven more loves attend at night
Around my couch with torches bright.
And seven more loves in my bed
Crown with vine my mournful head;
Pitying and forgiving all
The transgressions, great and small.”
— Blake, Broken Love.
布莱克这首诗,大用特用“七”这个数字。这个数字,从传达知识方面看,显然是完全没有意义的。但正因为这样,这篇神秘不可思议的诗,便使人感到增添了某种精确性。
“O, that the slave had forty thousand lives!
One is too poor, too weak for my revenge.”
— Othello, Act III. sc. iii. ll. 442-3.
“Nine-and-twenty knights of fame
Hung their shields in Branksome Hall;
Nine-and-twenty squires of name
Brought them their steeds to bower from stall;
Nine-and-twenty yeomen tall
Waited, duteous, no them all.”
— Scott, The Lay of the Last Minstrel, Can. I. ll. 16-21.
现在我们转而再看一看下面的例子:
“Prim Doctor of Philosophy
From academic Heidelberg!
Your sum of vital energy
Is not the millionth of an erg.
Your liveliest motion might be reckoned
At one-tenth metre in a second.”
这是近世物理学家[14]的戏作,诗中所用数字是纯粹的科学符号。所谓“erg”,就是“The energy communicated by a dyne, acting through a centimeter”;而“tenth-metre”就是l metre×10-10。因而普通读者,在阅读时不会引起任何感兴。然而要知道,若在科学上明白这个数字的含义时,便可以产生文学的效果。
在科学家那里,数字几乎就是唯一的语言。对文学家来说,数字作为手段并不是那么重要。但是正如以上的例子所示,自古以来的诗人,在某些场合、某种意义上多用数字,以增添某种感兴。同一数字,被用于方向不同的两者之上,就如同一块头巾,对耄耋老者和二八佳人都有用处。我们只需知道一个是为防寒而带,一个是为吸人眼球而带,即在目的上有差异,就足够了。文学者说“三”,这不过是指三棵樱树、三个人、三餐,“三”的意义是明了的。当离开樱树,离开人,离开餐,需要三个真正抽象的三的时候,文学的三便一变而成为科学的三了。数字不过是一种符号,然而用法的不同,也不失为区别文学家与科学家之态度的一个好例。
* * *
[1]罗伯特·赫里克(Robert Herrick, 1591—1674),英国诗人、牧师,作品恢复了古典抒情诗风格,代表作有《西方乐土》等。
[2]亨利克·约翰·易卜生(Henrik Johan Ibsen, 1828—1906),挪威剧作家、诗人,以社会问题剧著称,代表作有《玩偶之家》、《群鬼》等。
[3]乔治·艾略特(George Eliot, 1819—1880),英国作家,开创现代小说心理分析的创作方法,代表作有《米德尔马契》、《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》等。
[4]阿里奥斯托(Lodovico Ariosto, 1474 —1533),意大利诗人,代表作有《疯狂的奥兰多》。
[5]井原西鹤(1642—1693),日本江户时代最重要的小说家,代表作有《好色一代男》、《好色二代男》、《好色一代女》、《好色五人女》、《日本永代藏》、《世间胸算用》等。
[6]亨利·詹姆斯(Henry James, 1843—1916),美国小说家、评论家,其创作对20世纪现代派文学有着深远影响,代表作有《一位女士的画像》、《鸽翼》、《使节》等。
[7]沃尔特·佩特(Walter Pater, 1839—1894),英国文艺评论家、散文家,主张“为艺术而艺术”,代表作有《文艺复兴史研究》等。
[8]托马斯·马洛礼(Thomas Malory, 1405—1471),英国作家,编著的《亚瑟王之死》是英语文学第一部重要的散文作品。
[9]乔治·弗雷德里克·瓦茨(George Frederic Watts, 1817—1904),英国画家、雕塑家。
[10]威廉·布莱克(William Blake, 1757—1827),英国诗人、版画家。他善用歌谣体和无韵体抒写理想和生活,作品风格独特,代表作有《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》等。
[11]松尾芭蕉(1644—1694),日本俳句诗人,古典俳句艺术的集大成者。
[12]南洲:即西乡隆盛 (1827—1877),名隆盛,号南洲,日本明治维新时期的政治家,汉诗人。
[13]奥西恩:爱尔兰传说中生活于公元3世纪的英雄和诗人。
[14]詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦(James Clerk Maxwell,1831—1879),苏格兰物理学家、数学家。他是经典电动力学的创始人,统计物理学的奠基人之一。